Early diagnosis of PPD is critical for mother-infant outcomes, and new hypotheses in its pathophysiology has led to novel and emerging therapies that can improve these outcomes.

Studies evaluating neuroactive steroid GABA-A receptor positive allosteric modulators demonstrate promising results for the treatment of MDD and PPD.

The new fast-acting antidepressants esketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and positive allosteric modulators of GABAergic neurotransmission brexanolone and zuranolone have created an important and exciting paradigm shift in the treatment of depression.

Pharmacology for MDD is limited by low efficacy, delayed response, and side effects. Research on the pathophysiology of the disease that includes the glutamatergic system and GABA signaling is ushering in a new era for rapidly acting antidepressants.

Bipolar disorder presents on a spectrum, with bipolar depression on one end and bipolar I on the other and a host of other presentations in between. As guidelines are updated and new treatments become available, developing individualized treatment regimens is key and collaboration between clinician and patient and family is critical in optimizing patient outcomes. Clinicians should use measurement-based care to assess whether treatment changes are necessary, which requires engaging with the patient to monitor efficacy and manage side effects.

In this chart review, LGBTQ people with treatment-resistant mood disorders had clinical features linked to worse outcomes, but their improvement with ECT was similar to that seen in non-LGBTQ patients.

In brief videos, Drs McEvoy and Nierenberg discuss symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD), how to observe patients (whether in person or via telemedicine), and how to educate patients and families about TD.